| | | Beersheba (Hebrew: בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, Be'er Sheva, Arabic: بئر السبع, Bir' as-Sabi) is the largest city in the Negev desert of Israel. It is often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev." In 2005, when the population reached 185,000, it became the sixth largest city in Israel. Beersheba is the administrative centre for the southern region of Israel and home of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Soroka Medical Center, and the Israel Sinfonietta Beersheba. Beersheba has grown considerably since the founding of the state in 1948. A large portion of the population is made up of Jews who immigrated to Israel from Arab countries after 1948, and newcomers from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. Beersheba is surrounded by a number of satellite towns: the mainly Jewish Omer, Lehavim and Metar and several Bedouin towns, the largest of which are Rahat, Tel Sheva and Lakiya. Etymology There are several etymologies for the origin of the name "Beersheba": - The oath of Abraham and Abimelech (well of the oath)
- The seven wells dug by Isaac (seven wells), though only three or four have been identified
- The oath of Isaac and Abimelech (well of the oath)
- The seven ewes that sealed Abraham and Abimelech's oath (well of the seven).
History Prehistory and biblical era | Beersheba occurs at least 34 times in the English Standard version of the bible, beginning with So Abraham rose early in the morning and took bread and a skin of water and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, along with the child, and sent her away. And she departed and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba. Gen 21:14 From the findings unearthed at Tel Be'er Sheva, an archaeological site a few kilometers northeast of modern day Beersheba, it is believed that the region has been populated since the 4th millennium BC . The city was destroyed and rebuilt many times over the centuries. Biblically, the site of Beersheba is mentioned in two of the three Genesis stories involving a wife confused for a sister. It was the site of a non-aggression pact between the Philistines, represented by a king named Abimelech, and the Israelites. The Bible describes the oath being made on two separate occasions by the Israelites, once represented by Abraham, and once by Isaac. Beersheba is also mentioned in Joshua 19:2. Beersheba was the southernmost city of Israel in Biblical times -hence the expression "from Dan to Beersheba" was sometimes used to describe the whole kingdom. Ottoman Turkish occupation The last inhabitants of Tel Be'er-Sheva were the Byzantines, who abandoned the city in the 7th century. The Turkish Ottomans, who had controlled Palestine since the 16th century, took no interest in Beersheba until the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, Beersheba was portrayed by European pilgrims as a barren stretch of land with a well and a handful of Bedouin living nearby. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Ottomans built a police station in Beersheba in order to keep the Bedouin in check. They built roads, a number of small buildings from local materials which are still standing today, a train station, and a railway connection to Ashkelon and Gaza. A small settlement to the east of the city was established by Bedouin families and Arabs from Hebron and Gaza. The Turks built railroad track from Damascus to Beersheba, inaugurating the station on October 30, 1915. The celebration was attended by the Turkish army commander "Jamal Pasha", along with senior government officials. The train line was active until the British took over the region. Later, during Israel's War of Independence, the station was used as the headquarters of The Egyptian Army. British Mandate era Beersheba played an important role in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I. On October 31, 1917, 800 soldiers of the Australian 4th and Light Horse Brigade, under Brigadier General William Grant, with only horses and bayonets, charged the Turkish trenches, overran them and captured the wells of Beersheba. This is often described as the Battle of Beersheba, and "the last successful cavalry charge in British military history". On the edge of Beersheba's Old City is a Commonwealth cemetery containing the graves of British and Australian soldiers. On the last row on the right, is the grave of Captain Seymour Van den Berg of the Middlesex Hussars, a British Jew, was killed five days before the capture of Beersheba. Beersheba was a major administrative center during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine. In 1928, at the beginning of the tension between the Jews and the Arabs over the land of Israel, and wide-scale rioting which left 133 Jews dead and 339 wounded, many Jews abandoned Beersheba, although some returned occasionally. With the an Arab attack on a Jewish bus 1936,which escalated into the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, the remaining Jews left Beersheba, and did not return until after the battle with the invading Egyptian army in October, 1948. After Israeli independence The 1947 UN Partition Plan included Beersheba in the territory allotted to the Arab state as the city's population of 4,000 was primarily Arab. The Egyptian Army was stationed in Beersheba in May 1948. Convinced that Beersheba was vital for the security of the Jewish state, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion gave the green light for Operation Yoav. On October 21, 1948, at 04:00 in the morning, the 82nd battalion advanced from Mishmar Hanegev junction, 20 kilometers north of Beersheba. Part of the force attacked from the Turkish train station and part from Hatzerim. By 09:45, the Egyptian forces were surrounded, and Beersheba was in Israeli hands. On November 20, Leonard Bernstein and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra played for the soldiers. In the 1970s, a memorial commemorating the fallen soldiers designed by the sculptor Danny Karavan was erected northeast of the city (approximately 3 kilometers from the city entrance) on a hill overlooking the city. In the 1950s, Beersheba expanded northward. Soroka hospital opened its doors in 1960, and the Negev University, later renamed Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, was established in 1970. The Beersheba Theater opened in 1973. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat visited Beersheba in 1979. |  Aerial photo of Beersheba
Photo by: Chumchum14 This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. reuse
(larger image)Beersheba today In the 1990s, the population and size of Beersheba was substantially increased by a large influx of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants. For many years, Beersheba remained untouched by Palestinian terrorism. Relations between Jews and Arabs, and especially the large number of Bedouin who live in the region and do business in Beersheba, were good. This equilibrium was shattered on 31 August 2004, when sixteen people were killed in two suicide bombings on buses in Beersheba for which Hamas claimed responsibility. On August 28, 2005, another suicide bomber attacked the central bus station, seriously injuring two security guards. Neighborhoods Beersheba is divided into fourteen residential neighbourhoods in addition to the Old City. Many of the neighbourhoods are named after letters of the Hebrew alphabet, which also have numerical value, but descriptive place names have been given to some of the newer neighborhoods. Old City As the name suggests, the Old City (Hebrew: עיר העתיקה, Ir HaAtika) is the historical center of Beersheba. Based on the core of the old Ottoman town, it was expanded by the British during the Mandate era. Street signs in English from the Mandate era are still visible on many street corners. Laid out in a grid pattern, it consists mostly of one- and two storey stone buildings, although some high-rise buildings have recently gone up. Efforts have been made to gentrify the Old City, and it now has a pedestrian mall, but much work remains to be done. Until the late 1990s, the Old City was the commercial hub of Beersheba, but since the opening of a large shopping mall, Kanyon HaNegev (Hebrew: קניון הנגב, lit. Negev Mall) near the Central Bus Station, and a number of smaller neighborhood malls, many of the leading chain stores have moved out. Abraham's Well, the Negev Art Museum, Allenby Garden, the Turkish Train Station, the British War Cemetery and the Aljama Mosque are located in the Old City. Alef Alef (Hebrew: א, lit. A or 1) is located to the immediate north of the Old City. It was the first neighbourhood built after Israeli independence (in the 1950s) and provided housing for immigrants from Morocco, Iraq, Yemen and India. Shechuna Alef consists of rows of semi-detached houses and a few apartment blocks. Bet Bet (Hebrew: ב, lit. B or 2) is located northwest of Alef. It was also built in the 1950s, and provided housing for immigrants from Poland, Egypt, and later Libya (1960s) Georgia and Russia (1970s). Shechuna Bet is home to the Vasermil Stadium, home of Hapoel Be'er Sheva, the city's major football club. Gimmel Gimmel (Hebrew: ג, lit. G or 3) is northeast of the Old City. Soroka Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev are located here. Many students live in the neighborhood and the university dormitories are situated here. It consists largely of apartment blocks. Daled Daled (Hebrew: ד, lit. D or 4) is located north of Bet and west of Gimel. It is a low income neighbourhood where many students rent apartments. Most of the housing consists of tenement buildings, with a small number of private homes. Dalet neighbourhood considers one of the most criminal neighbourhoods in Israel. Hey Hey (Hebrew: ה, lit. H or 5) is located northwest of the Old City, and west of Alef and Bet. Vav Vav (Hebrew: ו, lit. V or 6) is located in the northwest of the city, north of Bet and west of Daled. It consists of a combination of apartment blocks and private homes, and has its own shopping mall (Kanyon Avia). Tet Tet (Hebrew: ט, lit. T or 9) is located to the west of the Old City. It consists almost entirely of tower blocks. Yud Alef Yud Alef (Hebrew: י"א, lit. IA or 11) is located to the west of Tet. Most of the homes are detached or semi-detached. Nahal Ashan Nahal Ashan (Hebrew: נחל עשן, Smoke River), also known as Neve Menachem (Hebrew: נווה מנחם, Menachem Oasis) is the westernmost neighbourhood in Beersheba. It was built in the past decade and consists largely of private homes. Nahal Beka Nahal Beka (Hebrew: נחל בקע, Rift Stream) is the city's southernmost neighbourhood, located to the south-west of Neve Noy. It was built in the 1990s to house new immigrants from the Former Soviet Union. Half the neighbourhood consisted of caravans, the other half of prefabricated wooden semi-detached bungalows. The caravans have since been removed, but most of the prefab houses remain, some of them with solid extensions. Naot Lon Naot Lon (Hebrew: נאות לון) is located in the west of the city, west of Tet. It is built around woodland and consists largely of detached and semi-detached houses. Neve Noy Neve Noy (Hebrew: נווה נוי, lit. Beauty Oasis) is located directly south of the Old City. It was founded in 1952 as an agricultural settlement consisting of small stone cottages with vegetable gardens, known as Mishkay Ezer (Hebrew: משקי עזר). The first residents were immigrants from Morocco and Tunisia who had been living in ma'abarot (transit camps). It was renamed Neve Noy in 1979, and consists largely of detached two-storey homes. Streets in this neighborhood are named after plants that grow in the Negev, such as Atad, Shita and Tzabar. Neve Noy is home to the second largest Karaite community in Israel, as well as Maccabi Be'er Sheva, Beersheba's second football team. Neve Ze'ev Neve Ze'ev (Hebrew: נווה זאב, lit. Wolf Oasis) is located in the southwest of the city, south of Tet. It consists almost entirely of large tower blocks in an area carved out of the surrounding hillside. Many construction projects are under way. Ramot Ramot (Hebrew: רמות, lit. 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