| | | | Biblical archaeology involves the recovery and scientific investigation of the material remains of past cultures that can illuminate the periods and descriptions in the Bible. As with the historical records from any other civilization, the manuscripts must be compared to other accounts from contemporary societies in Europe, Mesopotamia, and Africa; additionally, records from neighbors must be compared with them. The scientific techniques employed are those of archaeology in general including excavations as well as chance discoveries. | By contrast Near Eastern archaeology is simply the archaeology of the Ancient Near East without any particular consideration of how its discoveries relate to the Bible. Biblical archaeology is a controversial subject with differing opinions on what its purpose and goals are or should be. | Archaeological
sites in Israel | Biblical Archaeology began after publication by Edward Robinson (American professor of Biblical literature; 1794-1863) of his travels through Palestine during the first half of the 19th century (a time when the oldest complete Hebrew scripture only dated to the Middle Ages), which highlighted similarities between modern Arabic place-names and Biblical city names  . The Palestine Exploration Fund sponsored detailed surveys led by Charles Warren during the late 1860s (initially financed by Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts in 1864 to improve Jerusalem's sanitary conditions), which culminated with the formal publication of "The Survey of Western Palestine" from 1871-1877. Some well-known
Biblical Archaeologists - Dr. William F. Albright
An evangelical American Methodist archaeologist, biblical scholar, linguist and expert on ceramics "There can be no doubt that archaeology has confirmed the substantial historicity of Old Testament tradition." "The reader may rest assured that nothing has been found [by archaeologists] to disturb a reasonable faith, and nothing has been discovered which can disprove a single theological doctrine. We no longer trouble ourselves with attempts to 'harmonize' religion and science, or to 'prove' the Bible. The Bible can stand for itself." Albright, William Foxwell. Archaeology and the Religions of Israel. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1956, p. 176. - Millar Burrows
Professor of Archaeology at Yale University and author of The Dead Sea Scrolls in 1955, and More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1958 "On the whole, however, archaeological work has unquestionably strengthened confidence in the reliability of the Scriptural record. More than one archaeologist has found his respect for the Bible increased by the experience of excavation in Palestine..Archaeology has in many cases refuted the views of modern critics. It has shown, in a number of instances, that these views rest on false assumptions and unreal, artificial schemes of historical development. This is a real contribution and not to be minimized."
Millar Burrows, What Mean These Stones? (New York: Meridian Books, 1956) "The excessive skepticism of many liberal theologians stems not from a careful evaluation of the available data, but from an enormous predisposition against the supernatural." Burrows, Millar. What Mean These Stones? Meridian Books, New York, NY, ,1956, p. 176. (see also: Millar Burrows, 1889-1980, in Memoriam) - Dr. Jack Cottrell
"Through the wealth of data uncovered by historical and archaeological research, we are able to measure the Bible's historical accuracy. In every case where its claims can thus be tested, the Bible proves to be accurate and reliable."
Jack Cottrell, The Authority of the Bible (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1979), pp. 48-49. - Dr. Nelson Glueck
"It may be stated categorically that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a Biblical reference. Scores of archaeological findings have been made which confirm in clear outline or exact detail historical statements in the Bible. And, by the same token, proper evaluation of Biblical description has often led to amazing discoveries."
Nelson Glueck, Rivers in the Desert: History of the Negev, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969, p. 31. As cited in Josh McDowell, Evidence that Demands a Verdict, 1979 rev., p. 65. - Frederic G. Kenyon
British paleographer, biblical and classical scholar. "It is therefore legitimate to say that, in respect of that part of the Old Testament against which the disintegrating criticism of the last half of the nineteenth century was chiefly directed, the evidence of archaeology has been to reestablish its authority and likewise to augment its value by rendering it more intelligible through a fuller knowledge of its background and setting. Archaeology has not yet said its last word, but the results already achieved confirm what faith would suggest – that the Bible can do nothing but gain from an increase in knowledge.."
Frederic G. Kenyon, The Bible and Archaeology (New York: Harper & Row, 1940), p. 279. - Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (born 1932)
Kenneth is Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Oriental Studies, University of Liverpool, England. He is one of the leading experts on Biblical History and the Egyptian Third Intermediate Period having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. - Sir William Ramsey (March 15, 1851, Glasgow –April 20, 1939) was a Scottish archaeologist.
Luke is a historian of the first rank; not merely are his statements of facts trustworthy; he is possessed of the true historic sense..In short this author should be placed along with the very greatest of historians." "I set out to look for truth on the borderland where Greece and Asia meet, and found it there. You may press the words of Luke in a degree beyond any other historian's and they stand the keenest scrutiny and the hardest treatment."
Ramsay, William (1915), The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1975 reprint). - Dr. Clifford Wilson formerly director of the Australian Institute of Archaeology, being interviewed by radio by the Institute for Creation Research (ICR radio transcript No. 0279–1004).
"I know of no finding in archaeology that’s properly confirmed which is in opposition to the Scriptures. The Bible is the most accurate history textbook the world has ever seen." - Dr. Bryant C. Wood
"In every instance where the findings of archaeology pertain to the Biblical record, the archaeological evidence confirms, sometimes in detailed fashion, the historical accuracy of Scripture. In those instances where the archaeological findings seem to be at variance with the Bible, the discrepancy lies with the archaeological evidence, i.e., improper interpretation, lack of evidence, etc. -- not with the Bible." Bryant C. Wood, The Associates for Biblical Research | The highlight of this period was Warren's work around the Temple Mount of Jerusalem, where he discovered the foundation stones of the Temple of Herod, the first Israelite inscriptions on several jar handles with LMLK seals, and water shafts under the City of David (see also: Tower of David). Biblical archaeology today |  LMLK stamp; Redondo Beach collection #22
(larger image) |  Caves at Qumran in the West Bank, Middle East. In this area the Dead Sea Scrolls were found.
larger image | The Albrightian consensus was overturned in the 1970s. Fieldwork, notably Kathleen Kenyon's excavations at Jericho, was not supporting the conclusions the biblical archaeologists had drawn, with the result that central theories squaring the biblical narrative with archaeological finds, such as Albright's reconstruction of Abraham as an Amorite donkey caravaneer, were being rejected by the archaeological community. The challenge reached its climax with the publication of two important studies: In 1974 Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives re-examined the record of biblical archaeology in relation to the Patriarchal narratives in Genesis and concluded that "not only has archaeology not proven a single event of the Patriarchal narratives to be historical, it has not shown any of the traditions to be likely." | | In 1975 John Van Seters' Abraham in History and Tradition reached a similar conclusion about the usefulness of tradition history: "A vague presupposition about the antiquity of the tradition based upon a consensus approval of such arguments should no longer be used as a warrant for proposing a history of the tradition related to early premonarchic times." At the same time a new generation of archaeologists, notably William G. Dever, was criticising the older generation for failing to take note of the revolution in archaeology known as processualism, which saw the discipline as a scientific one allied to anthropology, rather than a part of the corpus of the humanities linked to history and theology. Biblical archaeology, Dever said, remained "altogether too narrowly within a theological angle of vision," and should be abandoned and replaced with a regional Syro-Palestinian archaeology operating within a processual framework. Dever was broadly successful: most archaeologists working in the world of the Bible today do so within a processual or post-processual framework: yet few would describe themselves in these terms. The reasons for this attachment to the old nomenclature are complex, but are connected with the link between excavators (especially American ones) and the denominational institutions and benefactors who employ and support them, and with the unwillingness of biblical scholars, both conservative and liberal, to reject the link between the bible and archaeology. The result has been a blurring of the distinction between the theologically-based archaeology which interprets the archaeological record as "substantiating in general the theological message of a God who acts in history," and Dever's vision of Syro-Palestinian archaeology as an "independent, secular discipline .. pursued by cultural historians for its own sake." Currently, the Biblical Archaeology Society, founded in 1974, remains the primary organization publishing and discussing discoveries and issues relating to Biblical Archaeology. 1890 Sir W.M.F. Petrie (Flinders Petrie) noticed strata exposed by waterflow adjacent to Tell el-Hesi (originally believed to be Biblical Lachish, now probably Eglon) and popularized details of pottery groups excavated there from. F.J. Bliss continued digging there in 1891-2. Subsequent highlights of major sites mentioned in the Bible where excavations spanned more than one season: - 1898-1900 F.J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister excavated 4 major sites in the Shephelah region of Israel:
- Tell es-Safi (probably Biblical Gath)
- Tell Zakariya (probably Biblical Azekah)
- Tell ej-Judeideh (possibly Biblical Moresheth-Gath or Libnah)
- Tell Sandahannah (probably Biblical Mareshah)
- 1902-3, 1907-9 R.A.S. Macalister excavated Gezer, where the oldest Hebrew inscription (Gezer Calendar) was found on the surface
- 1902-4 E. Sellin excavated Taanach
- 1903-5 G. Schumacher excavated Megiddo
- 1905-7 H. Kohl, E. Sellin, and C. Watzinger surveyed ancient synagogues in Galilee
- 1907-9 E. Sellin and C. Watzinger excavated Shechem
- 1908, 1910-1 D.G. Lyon, C.S. Fisher, and G.A. Reisner excavated Samaria
- 1911-3 D. Mackenzie excavated Beth Shemesh
| | Following World War I, during the British Mandate of Palestine, antiquities laws were established for Palestinian territory along with a Department of Antiquities (later to become the modern Israel Antiquities Authority) and the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem (now named the Rockefeller Museum). J. Garstang was instrumental in these accomplishments. William F. Albright dominated the scholarship of this period and had long-lasting influence on Biblical historians based on his analysis of Bronze Age and Iron Age pottery. - 1921-3, 1925-8, 1930-3 C.S. Fisher, A. Rowe, and G.M. Fitzgerald excavated Beth Shean
- 1922-3 W.F. Albright excavated Tell el-Ful (probably Biblical Gibeah)
- 1925-39 C.S. Fisher, P.L.O. Guy, and G. Loud excavated Megiddo
- 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932 W.F. Albright excavated Tell Beit Mirsim (possibly Biblical Eglon or Debir--Kirjath Sepher)
- 1926-7, 1929, 1932, 1935 W.F. Bade excavated Mizpah
- 1928-33 E. Grant excavated Beth Shemesh
- 1930-6 J. Garstang excavated Jericho
- 1931-3, 1935 J. Crowfoot excavated Samaria
- 1932-38 J.L. Starkey excavated Lachish (the excavation terminated when he was killed by Arab bandits near Hebron while on his way to the opening ceremonies of the Palestine Archaeological Museum)
- 1936-40 B. Mazar excavated Beth Shearim
|  Fragments of the scrolls on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman
(larger image) The first seven scrolls had initially appeared on the antiquities market, but when their enormous importance was recognized, archaeologists eventually found their source in a series of caves above the Dead Sea, and subsequent searches located thousands of similar fragments. Following the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947 and the declaration of the state of Israel in 1948, Biblical Archaeology gained new momentum. The science of archaeology had been digested and refined by new excavators who conducted numerous surveys of smaller sites during the second half of the 20th century, and re-excavations at major sites using modernized techniques. - 1948-50, 1952-5 J. Kaplan excavated Jaffa
- 1954, 1959-62 Y. Aharoni excavated Ramat Rahel
- 1955-8, 1968 Y. Yadin excavated Hazor
- 1956-7, 1959-60, 1962 J.B. Pritchard excavated Gibeon
- 1961-7 K. Kenyon excavated Jerusalem (City of David)
- 1962-7 Y. Aharoni and R. Amiran excavated Arad
- 1962-3, 1965-72 M. Dothan excavated Ashdod
- 1963-5 Y. Yadin excavated Masada
- 1964-74 G.E. Wright, W.G. Dever, and J. Seger excavated Gezer. This was the first Palestinian excavation to operate as a school by granting academic/college credit.
- 1968-78 B. Mazar excavated the southwest corner of the Temple Mount
- 1969-76 Y. Aharoni and Z. Herzog excavated Beersheba
- 1969-82 N. Avigad excavated the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem
- 1973-94 D. Ussishkin excavated Lachish
- 1975-82 A. Biran excavated Aroer
- 1977-9, 1981-9 A. Mazar and G.L. Kelm excavated Timnah
- 1978-85 Y. Shiloh excavated Jerusalem (City of David)
- 1979, 1981-2, 1984-7, 1990-1, 1993-2000 D. Livingston excavated Khirbet Nisya
- 1981-2, 1984-8, 1990, 1992-6 T. Dothan and S. Gitin excavated Ekron
- 1996-2002, 2004-2005 A. Maeir excavated Tell es-Safi (probably Biblical Gath)
- 1999-2001, 2005 R.E. Tappy excavated Tel Zayit (Zeitah)
| | |  Hezekiah’s tunnel is a tunnel that was dug underneath Ophel in Jerusalem about 701 BC during the reign of King Hezekiah.Hezekiah’s tunnel
(larger image) | The famous silver scrolls found in 1979 during G. Barkay's excavations at Ketef Hinnom uniquely preserve Biblical texts older than the Dead Sea Scrolls. Both of these amulets contain the Priestly Blessing from the Book of Numbers; one also contains a quote found in parallel verses of Exodus 20:6 and Deuteronomy 5:10 and 7:9). The same verses appear again even later in Daniel 9:4 and Nehemiah 1:5. They date to sometime in the mid-second millennium BC and may have been destroyed by a siege or an earthquake. Opinions differ as to whether they are the walls referred to in the Bible. The walls were originally dated by John Garstang to c. 1400 BC. Kathleen Kenyon later disputed Garstang's dating and instead placed them c. 1550 BC, a date supported by the majority of archaeologists. Bryant Wood has recently argued that Garstang's dating was correct. Garstang and Wood's date is consistent with the dating of Joshua used by many Christian Bible scholars. However traditional Jewish dating places Joshua in the 13th century and the earliest archaeological evidence of an Israelite presence also dates to this period. |  the Siloam inscription is a passage of inscribed text originally found in the Hezekiah tunnel (which feeds water from the Gihon Spring to the Pool of Siloam in East Jerusalem).
(larger image) | - Lachish siege ramp of Sennacherib
- Siloam pool (just unearthed in 2004)
- Second Temple (confirmed by The Western Wall constructed by Herod the Great)
- Shechem temple (spanning the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age) corresponding to the "House of (the god) Baalberith" in Judges 9
- 19 tumuli located west of Jerusalem, undoubtedly dating to the Judean monarchy, but possibly representing sites of memorial ceremonies for the kings as mentioned in 2 Chronicles 16:14, 21:19, 32:33, and the book of Jeremiah 34:5
| - Arad ostraca (#18 mentions the Temple in Jerusalem)
- Balaam texts (ink/paint on plaster found at Deir 'Alla in Jordan that parallels Numbers chapters 22-24)
- Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, which depicts Jehu, son of Omri, and also mentions Hazael of Aram/Damascus/Syria (2 Kings 8-10)
- Caiaphas (Qafa) family ossuaries (discovered in 1990 at the Jerusalem Peace Forest)
- Ebla (Tell Mardikh) cuneiform archives
| They include a king of Ebla named Ebrum, who some identify as the Biblical patriarch Eber (or Heber), after whom the Hebrews were named. Also reported are references to people with Semitic names and gods similar to those in the Bible. They are also rumored to contain references to the same five cities mentioned in the book of Genesis: - Sodom and Gomorrah,
- Admah,
- Zeboim,
and Bela/Zoar in the same order as in Genesis 14. The government of Syria continues to withhold complete publication of the texts, and this story remains a rumor. Quoting Paolo Matthiae: The tablets cover a thousand years before Abraham, and a thousand years, even in the fourth millennium before Christ, was a very, very long time. They tell us much, but what they don't tell us - what they can't tell us - is whether the Bible is true or not. They have nothing to do with the Bible, at least not directly, and what we have here is not a biblical expedition. If we have tablets with legends similar to those of the Bible it means only that such legends existed round here long before the Bible." ( C. Bermant and M. Weitzman, Ebla: A Revelation In Archaeology, Op. Cit., p. 2.) |  Ebla. Most of the ruins have been given a top layer of new bricks. Some stones used to grind flour are also seen in the picture" />The image shows part of the excavated city of Ebla. Most of the ruins have been given a top layer of new bricks. Some stones used to grind flour are also seen in the picture
(larger image) | Excavations and surveys | | Year | Site | Biblical name | Excavated by | Comment | | 1841 | Survey | N/a | Edward Robinson | Robinson's Biblical Researches in Palestine, the Sinai, Petrae and Adjacent Regions, based on his survey of the Near East conducted over several years, proposed Biblical names for modern sites. | | 1871-77 | Survey | N/a | Charles Warren | The Survey of Western Palestine, published by the Palestine Exploration Fund, reflected Warren's detailed field surveys in Palestine and especially the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Major discoveries included the foundation stones of Herod's Temple, the first Iron Age Hebrew inscriptions (jar handles with LMLK seals), and water shafts under the City of David. | | 1890 | Tell el-Hesi | Eglon | Sir William Petrie | The site was believed at the time to be Biblical Lachish, but is now commonly identified with Eglon. "Flinders Petrie" noticed strata exposed by waterflow adjacent to the site, and popularized details of pottery groups excavated therefrom. This marked the introduction of scientific stratigraphy to Palestinian archaeology. | | 1891-92 | Tell el-Hesi | Eglon | Frederick J. Bliss | N/a | | 1898-1900 | Tell es-Safi | Gath? | Frederick J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister | N/a | | 1898-1900 | Tell Zakariya | Azekah? | Frederick J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister | N/a | | 1898-1900 | Tell ej-Judeideh | Moresheth-Gath or Libnah? | Frederick J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister | N/a | | 1898-1900 | Tell Sandahannah | Mareshah? | Frederick J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister | N/a | | 1902–3, 1907–9 | Gezer | Gezer | R.A.S. Macalister | The Gezer calendar was discovered on the surface during this excavation. | | 1902–4 | Taanach | Taanach | Ernest Sellin | N/a | | 1903–5 | Megiddo | Megiddo | Gottlieb Schumacher | N/a | | 1905–7 | Galilee | Galilee | Herman Kohl, Ernest Sellin, and Carl Watzinger | A survey of ancient synagogues | | 1907–9 | Shechem | Shechem | Ernest Sellin and Carl Watzinger | N/a | | 1908, 1910–1 | Samaria | Samaria | David G. Lyon, Clarence S. Fisher, and George A. Reisner | N/a | | 1911–3 | Beth Shemesh | Beth Shemesh | Duncan Mackenzie | N/a | | 1921–3, 1925–8, 1930–3 Clarence S. Fisher, Alan Rowe, and Gerald M. Fitzgerald | Beth Shean | Beth Shean | Clarence S. Fisher, Alan Rowe, and Gerald M. Fitzgerald | N/a | | 1922–3 | Tell el-Ful | Gibeah? | William F. Albright | N/a | | 1925–39 | Megiddo | Megiddo | Clarence S. Fisher, P.L.O. Guy, and Gordon Loud | N/a | | 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932 | Tell Beit Mirsim | Kirjath Sepher? | William F. Albright | N/a | | 1926–7, 1929, 1932, 1935 excavated | Mizpah | Mizpah | William F. Bade | N/a | | 1928–33 | Beth Shemesh | Beth Shemesh | Elihu Grant | N/a | | 1930–6 excavated | Jericho | Jericho | John Garstang | N/a | | 1931–3, 1935 excavated | Samaria | Samaria | John W. Crowfoot | N/a | | 1932–38 | Lachish | Lachish | James L. Starkey | The excavation was terminated when Starkey was killed by bandits near Hebron while on his way to the opening ceremonies of the Palestine Archaeological Museum | | 1936–40 | Beit She'arim | Beit She'arim | Benjamin Mazar | N/a | | 1948–50, 1952–5 excavated | Jaffa | N/a | Jacob Kaplan | N/a | | 1954, 1959–62 excavated | Ramat Rahel | N/a | Yohanan Aharoni | N/a | | 1955–8, 1968 | Hazor | Hazor | Yigael Yadin | N/a | | 1956–7, 1959–60, 1962 excavated | Gibeon | Gibeon | James B. Pritchard | N/a | | 1961–7 excavated ) | (City of David) | N/a | Kathleen Kenyon | N/a | | 1962–7 | Arad | Arad | Ruth Amiran | N/a | | 1962–3, 1965–72 | Ashdod | Ashdod | Moshe Dothan | N/a | | 1963–5 excavated | Masada | N/a | Yigael Yadin | N/a | | 1964–74 | Gezer | Gezer | William G. Dever, and Joe Seger | N/a | | 1968–78 | Temple Mount) | Temple Mount | Benjamin Mazar | N/a | | 1969–76 | Beersheba | Beersheba | Ze'ev Herzog | N/a | | 1969–82 | Jewish Quarter | Jerusalem | Nahman Avigad | N/a | | 1973–94 | Lachish | Lachish | David Ussishkin | N/a | | 1975–82 | Aroer | Aroer | Avraham Biran | N/a | | 1977–9, 1981–9 | Timnah | Timnah | George L. Kelm | N/a | | 1978–85 | City of David | Jerusalem | Yigal Shiloh | N/a | | 1979–80 | Ketef Hinnom | N/a | Gabriel Barkay | N/a | | 1979, 1981–2, 1984–7, 1990–1, 1993–2000 | Khirbet Nisya | N/a | David Livingston | N/a | | 1981–2, 1984–8, 1990, 1992–6 | Ekron | Ekron | Trude Dothan and Seymour Gitin | N/a | | 1989–96 | Tel Beit-Shean | N/a | Amihai Mazar | N/a | | 1994–2008 | Megiddo | Megiddo | David Ussishkin | N/a | | 1996–2002, 2004–2008 | Tell es-Safi (identified as Biblical of the Philistines | Gath | Aren Maeir | N/a | | 1997– | Tel Rehov | N/a | Amihai Mazar | N/a | | 1999–2001, 2005 | Tel Zayit | Zeitah | Ron Tappy | N/a | | 2005 | Ramat Rahel | N/a | Oded Lipschits | N/a | | 2005 | Nahal Tut | N/a | Amir Gorzalczany and Gerald Finkielsztejn excavated | N/a | | 2007 | Khirbet Qeiyafa | N/a | Yosef Garfinkel and Saar Ganor | N/a | External Archaeology and Biblical Studies Links Notes - Palestine Exploration Fund website, Introduction to the PEF
- David Noel Freedman and Bruce E. Willoughby, "Biblical Archaeology", MSN Encarta
- J. Maxwell Miller, "History or Legend", The Christian Century, February 24, 2004, p. 42–47. From religion-online.org
- Peter Moorey, "A Century of Biblical Archaeology", p.54ff
- William F. Albright, The Archaeology of Palestine, 1954 edition, p. 128, quoted in Walter F. Kaiser, "What Good is Biblical Archaeology to Bible Readers?", Contact magazine, Winter 05/06, at gctuedu.com
- John Bright, A History of Israel, 4th edition
- G. W. Ahlstrom, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1975), review of John Bright's History of Israel (4th edition)
- Thomas L. Thompson, "The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham", 1974, p.328, quoted in a review by Dennis Pardee, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1977
- John Van Seters, "Abraham in History and Tradition", 1975, p.309
- Joel Ng, "Introduction to Biblical Archaeology", 2003 (revised 2004), at Edwardtbabinski.com
- Don C. Benjamin, "Stones & Stories: an introduction to archaeology & the Bible", 2008, p.16
- Don C. Benjamin, "Stones & Stories: an introduction to archaeology & the Bible", 2008, p.7
- Ziony Zevit, "Three Debates About Bible and Archaeology: The 'Biblical Archaeology' Debate", Biblica 83 (2002) pp.2–9
- Specifically this was the view of Albright's student G. E. Wright and his "Biblical Theology" school which became popular in America in the 1950s. See Andrew G. Vaughn, review of William G. Dever, "What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel" (2001), RBL 2003
- William G. Dever, quoted in Ziony Zevit, "The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing Methodologies and Assumptions", 2001
- Millar Burrows, 1889-1980, in Memoriam, Marvin H. Pope. The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Spring, 1981), pp. 116-121 (article consists of 6 pages) Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research
- From Martha Mitchell’s Encyclopedia Brunoniana, Martha Mitchell, copyright ©1993 by the Brown University Library.
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