Cave of the Patriarchs
(larger image)

Geographic coordinates: 31°32' N, 35°6' E ^[]

Hebron is located 30km south of Jerusalem. Its elevation from sea level is about 1000m. Hebron is famous for its grapes, limestones, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories. It is also home of the nationally famous Al-Juneidi factory for dairy products.

The old city of Hebron is characterized by its narrow and winding streets, the flat-roofed stone houses, and the old bazaars. It is the home of Hebron University and Palestine Polytechnic University.[8][9][10][11][12]

Star of David of David carved above entrance to a now Arab home in the old city of Hebron
(larger image)

After this David inquired of the Lord , "Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah?" And the Lord said to him, "Go up." David said, "To which shall I go up?" And he said, "To Hebron." -2 Sam. 2:1

[]

The Islamic rule of Hebron started in 638. It lasted until the Crusaders occupied Hebron in 1099. They called the city Abraham. Then the name changed back to Hebron after their defeat by Saladin in 1187. The Mamluk Empire took control of Hebron until 1516, when it fell under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1831, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt took over Hebron until 1840.

Medieval period

Arab rule lasted until 1099, when the Christian Crusader Godfrey de Bouillon took Hebron in 1099 and renamed it "Castellion Saint Abraham". The Crusaders converted the mosque and the synagogue into a church and expelled Jews living there. Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule, in 1166 Maimonides was able to visit Hebron and wrote,

"And on the first day of the week, the ninth day of the month of Marheshvan, I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the graves of my forefathers in the Cave of Makhpela. And on that very day, I stood in the cave and I prayed, praised be God for everything."

The Kurdish Muslim Salaḥ ed-Dīn took Hebron in 1187, and changed the name of the city back to "Hebron". Richard the Lionheart subsequently took the city soon after.

In 1260, al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari established Mamluk rule; the minarets were built onto the structure of the Cave of Machpelah/Ibrahami Mosque at that time. Duing this period, a small Jewish community continued to live in Hebron, however the climate was less tolerant of Jews and Christians than it had been under prior Islamic rule. Jews wishing to visit the tomb were often taxed, and in 1266 a decree was established barring Jews and Christians from entering the Cave of the Patriarchs; they were only allowed to climb up to a a certain step outside the Eastern wall (see Jerusalem Old City Walls). Sir John Mondeville wrote that the Jews and Christians were "treated like dogs." Many Jewish and Christian visitors wrote about the community, among them a student of Nachmanides (1270), Rabbi Ishtori Haparchi (1322), Stephen von Gumfenberg (1449), Rabbi Meshulam from Voltara (1481) and Rabbi Ovadia Bartenura, a famous biblical commentator (1489). An account from Hakham Yishak Hilo of Larissa (Greece), who arrived in Hebron and observed Jews working in the cotton trade and glassworks. He noted that in Hebron there was an, "Ancient synagogue in which they prayed day and night in 1333."

Ottoman rule

Under the British mandate

Jordanian rule

Israeli rule

In 1969, a group of Jewish settlers began to reside in the city, though a government compromise soon focused the Jewish presence to the east in the new settlement of Kiryat Arba. Beginning in 1979, Jewish settlers moved from Kiryat Arba to the old Avraham Avinu neighborhood, and later to other Hebron neighborhoods including Tel Rumeida.

Post Oslo Accord

Funds from Arab nations earmarked for the reconstruction of homes in Hebron destroyed by Israeli bulldozers during the second intifada was reported to have reached PA leaders close to Yasser Arafat rather than the intended recipients.

In 1994, an Israeli Jewish settler Baruch Goldstein opened fire on Muslims at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque, killing 29. This event was condemned by the Israeli Government and polled Israelis. Israel banned the right-wing Kach movement as a result.

A year later, the Mayor of Hebron invited the Christian Peacemaker Teams to assist them the local Palestinian community in opposition to what they describe as Israeli military occupation, collective punishment, settler harassment, home demolitions and land confiscation. They have maintained a presence in the community despite attacks against them, the most noted being in 2004 when two corps members, Kimberly Lamberty and Christopher Brown were attacked while walking Palestinian Children to school Washington Post account. Accounts of the CPT presence can be found in Art Gish's "Hebron Journal."

The UN subsequently established an international unarmed observer force - the Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) to maintain a buffer between the Palestinian Arab population of the city and the Jews residing in their enclave in the old city. On February 8, 2006, TIPH temporarily left Hebron after attacks on their headquarters by some Palestinians angered by the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy.

In December 1917 and during World War I, the British occupied Hebron. In 1929, the Jews of the city suffered the worst effects of the Arab Riots in Palestine of 1929, with some 67 Jews massacred and many others wounded by their Muslim neighbors. Hebron remained as a part of the British mandate until 1948. In 1949, Jordan took over the control of Hebron and the rest of the West Bank; after the Six Day War, in June 1967, Hebron and the rest of the West Bank came under Israeli control (See Israeli-occupied territories). Since early 1997 the city has been divided into two sectors: H1 and H2. H1 part of the town has been controlled by the Palestinian Authority, in accordance with Hebron Protocol.

In 1994 an Israeli citizen Baruch Goldstein opened fire on Muslim at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque, killing 29. This event was condemmed by the Israeli Government and polled Israelis. Israel banned the right-wing Kach movement as a result. The UN subsequently established an international unarmed observer force - the Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) to maintain a buffer between the Palestinian Arab population of the city and the Jews residing in their enclave in the old city. On 2006-02-08 TIPH temporarily left Hebron after attacks on their headquarters by some Palestinians angered by the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy.

References

1. «  Projected Mid -Year Population for Hebron Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
2. «  Palestinian security forces deploy in Hebron 25/10/2008 gives about 500 as of October 2008
3. «  Deborah Campbell, This Heated Place: Encounters in the Promised Land, Douglas & McIntyre, 2004 p.63; James L. Gelvin, The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War,Cambridge University Press, 2005 p.190; Jerry Levin West Bank Diary: Middle East Violence as Reported by a Former American Hostage, Hope Publishing House, 2005 p.26;Antony Loewenstein,My Israel Question: Reframing the Israel/Palestine Conflict, Melbourne University Publishing, 2006, p.47; Robin Wright,Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East,Penguin Group, 2008 p.38
4. «  For the figure of 700 settlers see Jennifer Medina, "'Settlers’ Defiance Reflects Postwar Israeli Changes", The New York Times, April 22, 2007
5. «  For the figure of 800 settlers, see Yaakov Katz, Tovah Lazaroff, "Hebron settlers try to buy more homes", The Jerusalem Post, April 14, 2007
6. «  Historical background on the Hebron Jewish Quarter
7. «  "Hebron". Virtual Israel Experience. Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Hebron.html.
8. «  Hebron University Hebron University, P O Box 40, Hebron. West Bank, Palestine. Telephone: +970-2-2220995
9. «  Jpost
10. «  PPU Library Hebron
11. «  UNESCO
12. «  Time Higher education Hebron welcomes pull-out by Helena Flusfeder in Hebron 24 January 1997
13. «  Marcello Craveri, The Life of Jesus: An assessment through modern historical evidence, 1967, p.25
14. «  A minor tradition suggests that Zachiarah himself, as a priest, perhaps hailed from Hebron, which was a Levitical city. See Henry Hart Milman, The History of Christianity from the Birth of Christ to the Abolition of Paganism in the Roman Empire,Baudry's European Library, 1840, Vol.1, p.49 and note 2.
15. «  Ernest Renan, The Life of Jesus, Trübner, 1864 p.93. Renan remarks of the town that it is 'one of the bulwarks of Semitic ideas, in their most austere form’
16. «  2 Sam. 2:1
17. «  cf.Amorite ḥibrum. In general see. G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans 1974,ISBN 0802823297 pp.193ff. The root has magical overtones, and develops pejorative connotations in late Biblical usage
18. «  Surah 4 Ayara (verse) 125, Qur'an (source text)
19. «  Joshua, ch.20, 1-7
20. «  Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson, Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, Continuum International Publishing Group (2001) p.224-5
21. «  Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, Free Press, New York, 2001, p.45
22. «  Daniel J.Elazar,Covenant and Polity in Biblical Israel, Transaction Publishers, 1998 p.128
23. «  W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, ed.Stanley A.Cook (1903) Beacon Press, reprint, Boston (n.d.) p.200
24. «  E:G:H.Kraeling, "The Early Cult of Hebron and Judg. 16:1–3", in The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol.41, No.3 (April,) 1025 pp.174–178 p.178
25. «  Robert Alter, tr.Genesis: Translation and Commentary, 1996 p.108
26. «  Joshua 14:15
27. «  Joshua 21:3-12: I Chronicles 6.54-56
28. «  Robert G. Bratcher, Barclay Moon Newman, A Translator's Handbook on the Book of Joshua, United Bible Societies, 1996 p.262
29. «  Miller, James Maxwell (1986), A History of Ancient Israel and Judah, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 066421262X p 168
30. «  Detlef Jericke, Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11,27-19,38, Brill, 2003 pp.26ff.p.31
31. «  Charles E.Carter, The Emergence of Yehud in the Persian Period: A Social and Demographic Study', Continuum International, 1999 pp.98-9. Carter challenges this view, since it has no archeological support.
32. «  Nehemiah,11:25
33. «  Josephus Flavius Antiquities of the Jews Book 12 chapter 8 paragraph 6. Judas and his brethren did not leave off fighting with the Idumeans, but pressed upon them on all sides, and took from them the city of Hebron, and demolished all its fortifications, and set all its towers on fire, and burnt the country of the foreigners, and the city Marissa.
34. «  Josephus, Jewish War', iv.9,7,9
35. «  Jerome, in Zachariam 11:5; in Hieremiam 6:18; Chronicon paschale, cited Emil Schürer, Fergus Millar, Géza Vermes, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-135 A.D.), Continuum International, 1973 p.553 and note 178
36. «  Catherine Hezser, ‘The Social Status of Slaves in the Talmud Yerushalmi and in Graeco-Roman Society,’’ in Peter Schäfer, Catherine Hezser, (eds.), The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graece-Roman Culture, Mohr Siebeck, 1998 pp.91-138, p.96
37. «  Norwich, John Julius (1988) Byzantium; The Early Centuries; Penguin Books p 285
38. «  When they (the Muslims) came to Hebron they were amazed to see the strong and handsome structures of the walls and they could not find an opening through which to enter, then the Jews happened to come, who lived in the area under the former rule of the Greeks (that is the Byzantines), and they said to the Muslims: give us (a letter of security) that we may continue to live (in our places) under your rule (literally-amongst you) and permit us to build a synagogue in front of the entrance (to the city). If you will do this, we shall show you where you can break in. And it was so. (two monks: Eudes and Arnoul CE 1119-1120) Moshe Gil and Ethel Broido (1997) A History of Palestine, 634-1099 Translated by Ethel Broido Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521599849 pp 56 - 57
39. «  Al-Muqaddasi (Basil Anthony Collins (Translator)): The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Ahasan al-Taqasim Fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim. Garnet Publishing, Reading, 1994, ISBN 1873938144, p. 156-157. Older translation is given in Le Strange, Guy: Palestine under the Moslems. London, 1890. p. 309 and p.310
40. «  Houtsma, Martijn. Arnold, T.W. (1993).E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 BRILL, pp.646-648. ISBN 9004097961
41. «  Le Strange, Guy: Palestine under the Moslems. London, 1890. p. 310 and p.311
42. «  e Strange, Guy: Palestine under the Moslems. London, 1890. p. 315
43. «  Amy Singer, Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem, SUNY Press, New York, 2002 p.148
44. «  Steven Runciman,A History of the Crusades (1951) 1965 vol.1 p.303
45. «  'The Castle of St. Abraham' was the generic Crusader name for Hebron. Edward Robinson, Eli Smith, Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838, Crocker and Brewster, 1856 vol.2, p.78
46. «  Runciman, A History of the Crusades, pp.308–309
47. «  Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol.2 p.4
48. «  Le Strange, Guy: Palestine under the Moslems. London, 1890. p. 317, p. 318
49. «  ‘C.Kohler, ‘Un nouveau récit de l’invention des Patriarches Abraham, Isaac et Jacob à Hebron,’ in Revue de l’Orient Latin, vol 4 (1896) Paris pp.477ff. (2) Runciman, A History of the Crusades vol.2 p.319
50. «  Horatius Bonar, The Land of Promise: Notes of a Spring-journey from Beersheba to Sidon', Adamant Media Corporation, 2002 reprint, p.71
51. «  Lawrence Fine, Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period, Princeton University Press, 2001 p.422
52. «  Jean Richard, The Crusades; c.1071-c 1291, Cambridge University press ISBN 0-521-62566-1 p. 112
53. «  Adler, M.N., The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, (Oxford Univ. Press, 1907), p25.
54. «  Michael Avi-Yonah, A History of Israel and the Holy Land, Continuum, New York & London, 2003 p.297
55. «  Runciman,A History of the Crusades vol.3 p.219
56. «  Michael Angold, Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, 2006,p.402
57. «  Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (1998) The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192880136 p 274
58. «  Sharon, Moshe (1997) Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, (CIAP) BRILL, ISBN 9004108335
59. «  Yehoseph Schwarz, Isaac Leeser, (1850) A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine Translated by Isaac Leeser A. Hart, Original from Oxford University pp 397-401
60. «  See the account in Leo Walder Schwarz, Memoirs of My People: Jewish Self-portraits from the 11th to the 20th Centuries,Schocken Books, New York 1963 p.40
61. «  Alfassa.com Sephardic Contributions to the Development of the State of Israel By Shelomo Alfassá
62. «  Edward Robinson, Eli Smith, Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838, Crocker and Brewster, 1860 vol.2 p.440-442 n.1)
63. «  Ami Singer, Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem, SUNY Press 2002 p.148
64. «  Edward Robinson, Eli Smith, Biblical Researches in Palestine, ibid. vol.2, p.458
65. «  Toby Green (2007) Inquisition; The Reign of Fear Macmillan Press ISBN 978-1-4050-8873-2 pp xv-xix
66. «  Arutz Sheva A Sephardic Perspective on Hevron Part I by Shelomo Alfassa
67. «  Hebron
68. «  12,000 Kurus to 46,000 Kurus. See Jacob Barnai, Y. Barnay, Naomi Goldblum (1992) The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine Translated by Naomi Goldblum, University of Alabama Press, ISBN 0817305726 and ISBN 9780817305727 pp 89-90
69. «  Michael Russell, Palestine Or the Holy Land from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, Kessinger 2004 p.127. The source was a manuscript, 'The Travels of Ali Bey, vol.ii, pp.232-3 according to Thomas Hartwell Horne, William Finden, Edward Francis Finden, Landscape Illustrations of the Bible: Consisting of Views of the Most Remarkable Places Mentioned in the Old and New Testaments: from Original Sketches Taken on the Spot,’’ John Murray, London, 1836, vol.1 p.
70. «  Quoted in Alexander Schölch (1993): Palestine in Transformation, 1856-1882, p.161
71. «  Sears, A New and Complete History of the Holy Bible as Contained in the Old and New Testaments, 1844, p. 260
72. «  Conrad Malte-Brun, Universal Geography: Or, a Description of All Parts of the World, on a New Plan, J.Laval, 1829 p.362. The word is a loan-word from Hebrew (debash, 'honey, syrup of grapes'
73. «  James Finn, Byeways in Palestine, 1868 p.39
74. «  Martin Sicker (1999) Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922 Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0275966399 and ISBN 9780275966393 p. 6
75. «  Robinson, p. 88
76. «  Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S, (2003) The Palestinian People: A History, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674011317 p. 6-11
77. «  p.88
78. «  Joseph Schwarz, translator Isaac Leeser, A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine, A. Hart, Philadelphia, 1850 p. 403
79. «  Joseph Schwarz, translator Isaac Leeser, A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine, A. Hart, Philadelphia, 1850 p. 399 In 5594 (1834) Hebron met with a heavy calamity, since it was taken by storm on the 28 day of Tamuz (July), by Abraim Pacha, and given up to his soldiers for several days……Nearly all the Mahomedans inhabitants fled into the depth of the mountain range, but the Jews could not do this; besides which, they entertained little fear, since they could not be viewed as rebels and enemies by Abraim, wherefore they fell an easy prey into the hands of the assailants.
80. «  Packard, Frederick Adolphus. (1855)The Union Bible Dictionary American Sunday-School Union, p 304
81. «  Robinson, p.88
82. «  James Finn, Stirring Times, Or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 To 1856, Adamant Media Corporation reprint, 2004, pp.287f
83. «  Schölch (1993), p. 234-235
84. «  Schölch (1993), p. 236-237
85. «  Finn (1878), Vol II, p. 305-308
86. «  Ha'aretz A window on the massacre By Nadav Shragai
87. «  Rashid Khalidi (1998) Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231105150 and ISBN 9780231105156 p. 151
88. «  Delpuget, David: Les Juifs d´Alexandrie, de Jaffa et de Jérusalem en 1865, Bordeaux, 1866, p. 26. Quoted in Schölch (1993); p.161, 162
89. «  Quoted in Schölch (1993); p.161, 162
90. «  Henry Laurens, La Question de Palestine, Fayard, Paris vol.1, ISBN 221361251X p.508
91. «  Hillel Cohen (2008) Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917-1948 Translated by Haim Watzman, University of California Press, ISBN 0520252217 pp 19-20
92. «  Berel Wein Triumph of Survival: The Story of the Jews in the Modern Era, 1650-1990,Mesorah Publications, 1993 pp.138-9
93. «  Mark K. Bauman,Harry H. Epstein and the Rabbinate as Conduit for Change,Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1994 p.22
94. «  Rabbi Shimon, Shimon Yosef ben Elimelekh. Meller, Yosef Meller, Boruch Kalinsky,Prince of the Torah Kingdom, Feldheim Publishers, 2006 p.61
95. «  Segev, Tom (2000) p 318
96. «  Independent 26 January 2008 A rough guide to Hebron: The world's strangest guided tour highlights the abuse of Palestinians
97. «  Segev, Tom (2000) pp 325-326...The Zionist Archives preserves lists of jews who were saved by Arabs; one list contains 435 names
98. «  Shragai, Nadav, And the Loser Rejoiced, Haaretz June 11, 2008
99. «  Wilson, Mary Christina. (1990) King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521399874 pp 181-183
100. «  Chaim Herzog Heroes of Israel, p.253
101. «  Christian Peacemaking Teams. Hebron Update: August 17-23, 2004, 2004-9-1
102. «  Gershom Gorenberg, The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977, Times Books, Henry Holt & Co., New York 2007 pp.137ff and p. 205
103. «  Segev, Tom (2007) pp 578-579 'The prime minister invited the elderly rabbi to see him. They spoke for three or four hours, Eshkol later told members of the General Staff. he thought the rabbi would ask for a particular building, but Sarna said "I want you to clear out the whole street for me." Eshkol thought me might have misunderstood, but Sarna explained that as soon as the war began, Israel "should have slaughtered the Arabs of Hebron one by one." In May 1968, the government decided to renew settlement activities in Hebron.'
104. «  Ian Lustick: For the Land and the Lord: Jewish fundamentalism in Israel. New York, N.Y.: Council on Foreign Relations, 1988. Chapter 3
105. «  ""Among The Settlers"". http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/040531fa_fact2_a. , by Jeffrey Goldberg (The New Yorker, May 2004)
106. «  David Kretzmer, The Occupation of Justice: The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories,SUNY Press, Albany, New York 2002 pp.117-18
107. «  Yaakov Katz and Tovah Lazaroff (April 14, 2007). "Hebron settlers try to buy more homes". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152784857&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull.
108. «  Tovah Lazaroff (April 15, 2007). "Hebron settlers give up comfort to expand Jewish holdings". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1176152794781&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull.
109. «  Report to the UN on 1980 terrorist attack
110. «  Chabad.org
111. «  Boston Globe. A top Israeli Says Settlers Incited Riot In Hebron 2002-7-31. (was here)
112. «  The Scotsman. "Settlers’ revenge leaves Hebron bleeding", 2002-7-30
113. «  The Jerusalem Post. "Field News 10/2/2002 Hebron Jews' offspring divided over city's fate", 2006-05-16
114. «  The Philadelphia Inquirer. "Hebron descendants decry actions of current settlers They are kin of the Jews ousted in 1929", 1997-03-03
115. «  Shragai, Nadav (2007-12-26). "80 years on, massacre victims' kin reclaims Hebron house". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/938599.html. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
116. «  Ha'aretz
117. «  hebron.com
118. «  Jpost
119. «  Nadav Shragai, 'Settlers threaten 'Amona'-style riots over Hebron eviction,' Haaretz, 17 Nov.2008
120. «  Amos Harel, 'MKs urge legal action as settler violence erupts in Hebron,' Haaretz 20/11/2008
121. «  High alert in West Bank following Beit Hashalom evacuation. Jerusalem Post, December 4, 2008
122. «  "Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron". United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine. Non-UN document.. January 17, 1997. http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?OpenDocument.
123. «  Rapoport, Meron (November 17, 2005). "Ghost town". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=646948.
124. «  "Israeli NGO issues damning report on situation in Hebron". Agence France-Presse (ReliefWeb). August 19, 2003. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a17e4c9ace4785bac1256d87004bca62.
125. «   "Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians" (PDF). B'Tselem. August 2003. http://www.btselem.org/Download/200308_Hebron_Area_H2_Eng.pdf. "In total, 169 families lived on the three streets in September 2000, when the intifada began. Since then, seventy-three families—forty-three percent—have left their homes."
126. «  "Palestine Refugees: a challenge for the International Community". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. ReliefWeb. October 10, 2006. http://www2.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/YAOI-6UN95C?OpenDocument. "Settler violence has forced out over half the Palestinian population in some neighborhoods in the downtown area of Hebron. This once bustling community is now eerily deserted, and presents a harrowing existence for those few Palestinians who dare to remain or who are too deep in poverty to move elsewhere."
127. «  "Ghost Town: Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Center of Hebron". B'Tselem. May 2007. http://www.btselem.org/english/Publications/Summaries/200705_Hebron.asp.
128. «  "Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (Sept 1993)". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 24 September, 2000. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
129. «  Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District By Human Rights Watch, Peter Bouckaert, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch (Organization), Clarisa Bencomo Published by Human Rights Watch, 2001 ISBN 1564322602 and ISBN 9781564322609 pp 5 & 45-46
130. «  12 Israelis Killed in Hebron Ambush Near Prayer Site
131. «  Two Norwegian observers killed near Hebron: Israeli TV, ABC News online, March 27, 2002.
132. «  Telegrph
133. «  Two TIPH members killed near Hebron, Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron website, March 27, 2002.
134. «  Israeli Ministry of Foreign affairs Preliminary Report on the Events in Hebron as presented by Commanding Officer of the Central Command General Dani Yatom Before the Diplomatic Corps
135. «  PHRIC: Details of Hebron Massacre List of victims of the incident and subsequent disturbances
136. «  Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- Excerpts from the report of the Commission of Inquiry Into the Massacre at the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron (aka the "Shamgar Report")
137. «   "History/Mission of CPT". Christian Peacemaker Teams. http://www.cpt.org/publications/history.php.
138. «  "Olmert condemns settler 'pogrom'". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7770384.stm.
139. «  Issacharoff, Avi (2008-12-07). "Hebron settler riots were out and out pogroms". http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1043795.html.
140. «  "Hebron". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/hebron.html.
141. «  David Roberts, 'The Holy Land - 123 Coloured Facsimile Lithographs and The Journal from his visit to the Holy Land.' Terra Sancta Arts, 1982. ISBN 1 85710 260 1. Plate III - 13.Journal entry 17th March 1839.
142. «  Makdisi, Saree. Palestine Inside Out. New York : W.W. Northon & Company, Inc. 2008
143. «  "Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (Sept 1993)". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 24 September 2000. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+before+2000/Fatal+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+Since+the+DOP+-S.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
144. «  Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District By Human Rights Watch, Peter Bouckaert, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch (Organization), Clarisa Bencomo Published by Human Rights Watch, 2001 ISBN 1564322602 and ISBN 9781564322609 pp 5 & 45-46
145. «  Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District By Human Rights Watch, Peter Bouckaert, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch (Organization), Clarisa Bencomo Published by Human Rights Watch, 2001 ISBN 1564322602 and ISBN 9781564322609 pp 30-31
146. «  Jerusalem Post, October 6,2000 "IDF: Palestinians offer $2,000 for 'martyrs'"
147. «  'the great oak of Sibta, commonly called Abraham’s oak by most people except the Jews, who do not believe in any Abraham’s oak there. The great patriarch planted, indeed, a grove at Beersheba; but the “Eloné Manre” they declare to have been “plains,” not “oaks,” (which would be Alloné Mamre,) and to have been situated northwards instead of westwards from the present Hebron.' James Finn, Byeways in Palestine. 1868 p.184
148. «  Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for Chebrown (Strong's 2275)". Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2009. Retrieved 10/17/2009.

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