Jerusalem Western Wall by night

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In recent centuries, Jews were allowed little or no access to the site, such as when Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) ruled over it for 400 years (1515-1917), followed by the British Mandate of Palestine (1917-1948) and the Jordanian rule of Jerusalem (1948-1967).

Only when the Israel Defense Forces won a victory in the 1967 Six-Day War were Jews finally able to gain free access to the site.

History

According to Judaism's religious texts, when the legions of Titus destroyed the Temple, only a part of an outer court-yard "western wall" remained standing. Jewish texts teach that Titus left it as a bitter reminder to the Jews that Rome had vanquished Judea. The Jews, however, attributed it to a promise made by God that some part of the holy Temple would be left standing as a sign of God's unbroken bond with the Jewish people in spite of the catastrophes which had befallen them.

Eyewitness accounts of Roman actions

And truly, the very view itself was a melancholy thing; for those places which were adorned with trees and pleasant gardens, were now become desolate country every way, and its trees were all cut down. Nor could any foreigner that had formerly seen Judaea and the most beautiful suburbs of the city, and now saw it as a desert, but lament and mourn sadly at so great a change. For the war had laid all signs of beauty quite waste. Nor had anyone who had known the place before, had come on a sudden to it now, would he have known it again. But though he [a foreigner] were at the city itself, yet would he have inquired for it.

..the Romans set fire to the extreme parts of the city [the suburbs] and burnt them down, and entirely demolished [Jerusalem's] walls.

When [Titus] entirely demolished the rest of the city, and overthrew its walls, he left [three] towers as a monument of his good fortune, which had proved [the destructive power of] his auxiliaries, and enabled him to take what could not otherwise have been taken by him. And where is now that great city, the metropolis of the Jewish nation, which was fortified by so many walls round about, which had so many fortresses and large towers to defend it, which could hardly contain the instruments prepared for the war, and which had so many ten thousands of men to fight for it? Where is this city that was believed to have God himself inhabiting therein? it is now demolished to the very foundations, and hath nothing left but that monument of it preserved, I mean the camp of those that hath destroyed it, which still dwells upon its ruins; some unfortunate old men also lie ashes upon the Temple, and a few women are there preserved alive by the enemy, for our bitter shame and reproach.. I cannot but wish that we had all died before we had seen that holy city demolished by the hands of our enemies, or the foundations of our Holy Temple dug up, after so profane a manner.

Venerated by the Jews

The Western Wall is holy to the Jewish people because this wall is part of a wall that encompasses the Temple Mount along with the southern and eastern sections. This encompassing wall is thought to be the only remnant of the Temple in Jerusalem and the closest site to the "Holy of Holies", the most holy site in Judaism.

Restricted holy areas

The rock beneath the Dome of The Rock, is considered by some rabbinic midrashic texts to be the foundation from which God created the universe (see Creation, Creationism). According to some rabbinic works, this rock was where the Biblical patriarch Isaac was bound by Abraham during his near-sacrifice in the binding of Isaac. This area was held to be where the patriarch Jacob slept and dreamt of a ladder going up to heaven with angels going up and down. This spot is identified with the Holy Of Holies. This is the most holy wall because it is still standing.

During the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah, only certain people, such as the priests, were permitted into the Temple's grounds. The Temple complex consisted of distinct areas each with its own level of holiness. The most holy area, the Holy Of Holies (Kodesh Hakodashim), the central part of the Temple was entered only once a year on Yom Kippur and only by the High Priest. Other areas were accessible only to members of the priestly family, the Kohanim. Other areas, further from the Holy of Holies were accessible to the Levi'im. Further out were areas accessible to all Jews.

During subsequent occupations

The Wall as viewed by Muslims

Ottoman control

Under the British

The Arab riots in Palestine of 1929 broke out partly because the Arabs claimed variously that the Jews were trying to build a synagogue near the wall or take over the site. In 1931 the British government issued a document affirming Muslim property rights to the wall and placing restrictions on Jewish observance.

Jordanian rule

Israel since 1967

Many foreign heads of state who visit Israel, come to the Wall, out of their respect for its significance to Israel and to Jews worldwide. The Western Wall continues to have a powerful hold on the devotion of Jews all over the world. Over the decades, millions have come as tourists and pilgrims to be able to touch the Wall with their hands and feel the sanctity that emanates from it.

Since 1967, it has been customary among many Jews throughout the world to hold their Bar Mitzvah services at the Western Wall.

Recent damage to plaza

See also: Jewish Virtual Library

References

• "Jews Have No Legitimate Claim to Al-Buraq Wall". IslamOnline. May 8, 2004. http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543546. Retrieved on 2008-10-05.
• The "Wailing Wall" in the 1800s
• Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah, ch. 2-8
• Halkin, Hillel (January 12, 2001). "“Western Wall” or “Wailing Wall”?". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/wallname.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-05.
• Barclay, James Turner (1858). "Modern Jerusalem". City of the Great King. Challen. pp. g.493.
• Warner, Charles Dudley (1878). "Jerusalem". In the Levant. Houghton. pp. g.45.
• Becher, Mordechai (2005). "The Land of Israel". Gateway to Judaism. Mesorah Publications. pp. g.265. ISBN 1422600300.
• "The Story of the Kotel: Facts and Figures". The Western Wall Heritage Foundation. http://english.thekotel.org/content.asp?id=28.
• Friedman, Thomas L. (December 1, 1985). "Quarrying History in Jerusalem". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E2D81E38F932A35751C1A963948260&sec=travel&spon=&pagewanted=3. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. "Herod the Great certainly used it as the main quarry for building blocks needed to renovate the Temple and its retaining walls, including what is known today as the Wailing Wall."
• Lefkovits, Etgar (September 12, 2007). "Archeologists find 2nd Temple quarry". Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1189411466635&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull. Retrieved on 2008-10-18. "An ancient quarry where King Herod's workers chiseled huge high-quality limestones for the construction of the Second Temple, including the Western Wall, has been uncovered in Jerusalem, the Israel Antiquities Authority announced Sunday(..)Dozens of quarries have previously been uncovered in Jerusalem - including ones larger than the present find - but this is the first one that archeologists have found which they believe was used in the construction of the Temple Mount itself."
• Ben Dov, Meir; Naor, Mordechai; Aner, Ze'ev (1983). "II: Architecture and Archaeology". The Western Wall. Israel: Ministry of Defence Publishing House. pp. g.41–62. ISBN 965-05-0055-3.
• Horovitz, Ahron (2001). Jerusalem: Footsteps Through Time. Jerusalem: Feldheim.
• Neusner, Jacob (2001). "Judaism and the Land of Israel". Understanding Jewish Theology. Global Academic Publishing. pp. g. 79. ISBN 1586840908.
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• Gold, Dore (2007). The Fight for Jerusalem. Regnery. pp. g.56. ISBN 159698029-X.
• Löfgren, Eliel; Barde, Charles; Van Kempen, J. (December 1930). Report of the Commission appointed by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem (UNISPAL doc A/7057-S/8427, 23 February 1968)
• Koren, Zalman. "The Temple and the Western Wall". Western Wall Heritage Foundation. http://english.thekotel.org/library/article.asp?id=84. Retrieved on 2007-12-16.
• Gilbert, Martin (1977). "The 'Wailing Wall' Under Ottoman rule 1517-1917". Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas. London: Board of Deputies of British Jews. pp. g.31. ISBN 0-905648 04 8.
• Vilnay, Zev (2003). "How the Wall was discovered". Legends of Palestine. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 61–2. ISBN 0-766141284.
• Adler, Elkan Nathan; David, Judah (2004). "The Roads from Jerusalem, by Isaac ben Joseph ibn Chelo (1334)". Jewish Travellers. Routledge. pp. g.131. ISBN 0415344662.
• Adler N. M. (1927) The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela London; pages 222-223.
• Harman, Graham (2008). "The Mufti and the Wailing Wall". A History of Palestine. Princeton University Press. pp. g.225. ISBN 0691118973.
• Ricca, Simone (2007). "Notes to Chapter One". Reinventing Jerusalem. I.B.Tauris. pp. g. 212. ISBN 184511387-X.
• Yaakov Dovid, Shulman (1992). "A Letter to My Father". Pathway to Jerusalem. USA: CIS Publishers. pp. g. 59. ISBN 1-56062-130-3.
• Armstrong, Karen (April 16, 2001). "Islam's Stake". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/2001/jerusalem/islam.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-08. "In the 16th century, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent permitted the Jews to make the Western Wall their official holy place and had his court architect Sinan build an oratory for them there."
• Gonen, Rivka (2003). Contested Holiness. KTAV Publishing House. pp. g. 135–137. ISBN 0-88125799-0. "It is possible that official recognition of the right of Jews to pray by the Wall was granted already in the second half of the sixteenth century by a firman (official decree) issued by Suleiman the Magnificent. This firman may have been related to the efforts of the Ottoman ruler to lure Jews to Palestine as a counterbalance to the Arab population, which had rebelled aainst the new rulers, who were Turkish rather than Arabs.""
• Ben Dov, Meir; Naor, Mordechai; Aner, Ze'ev (1983). "IV: Sanctity, Law and Customs". The Western Wall. Israel: Ministry of Defence Publishing House. pp. g.83–97. ISBN 965-05-0055-3.
• Schwarz, Joseph (1850). "Moriah, The Temple Mount". Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. Philadelphia: A. Hart.
• Rossoff, Dovid (1998). "The Era of Suffering: 1800-1840". Where Heaven Touches Earth. Jerusalem: Guardian Press. pp. g.186. ISBN 0-87306-879-3.
• Baruch, Yuval. The Mughrabi Gate Access - the Real Story. Israel Antiquities Authority
• Rossoff, Dovid (1998). "Bound Within the Walls: 1840-1870". Where Heaven Touches Earth. Jerusalem: Guardian Press. pp. g.231. ISBN 0-87306-879-3.
• Rossoff, Dovid (1998). "Beyond the Walls: 1870-1900". Where Heaven Touches Earth. Jerusalem: Guardian Press. pp. g.331. ISBN 0-87306-879-3.
• Stockman-Shomron, Israel (1984). "Jerusalem in Islam: Faith and Politics". Israel, the Middle East and the Great Powers. Transaction Publishers. pp. g.43. ISBN 9652870005.
• Lang, Yossef. "The Hirschensohn Family of Publishers in Jerusalem, 1882-1908". Kesher Issue 29. http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/bronfman/kesher29.heb.html.
• Gilbert, Martin (1996). "War, 1914-1917". Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. g.42. ISBN 0-7011-3070 0.
• Janin, Hunt (2002). "Pilgrimages During the British Mandate and Under the Israelis (1917 - 2001)". Four Paths to Jerusalem. McFarland. pp. g.192. ISBN 078641264X.
• Gilbert, Martin (1996). "British Military Rule, 1918-1919". Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. g.69. ISBN 0-7011-3070 0.
• Wasserstein, Bernard (2001). "Trouble on the Temple Mount". Divided Jerusalem. London: Profile Books. pp. g.323. ISBN 1861973330.
• Shepherd, Naomi (1999). "From Conquest to Colony". Ploughing Sand: British Rule in Palestine. London: John Murray. pp. g.42. ISBN 0-7195-5707 0.
• Shepherd, Naomi (1999). "The Law Factory". Ploughing Sand: British Rule in Palestine. London: John Murray. pp. g.111. ISBN 0-7195-5707 0.
• Danziger, Hillel (1990). "The Kosel Affair". Guardian of Jerusalem. New York: Artscroll. pp. g.452–470. ISBN 0-89906-458-2.
• Kassim, Anis F. (1998). "Special Report". The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1996-1997. Martinus Nijhoff. pp. g.375. ISBN 9041110097.
• Kayyālī, Abd al-Wahhāb (1978). "The Lull: 1923-1929". Palestine: A Modern History. Routledge. pp. g. 139. ISBN 0856646350.
• Ovendale, Ritchie (2004). "British Paramountcy over Arabs and Zionists". The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars. Pearson Education. pp. g.71. ISBN 058282320X.
• Dershowitz, Alan (2003). "5: Were the Jews Unwilling to Share Palestine?". The Case For Israel. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. g.43. ISBN 0-471-46502-X.
• Ovendale, Ritchie (2004). "The "Wailing Wall" Riots". The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars. Pearson Education. pp. g.71. ISBN 0-58282320-X. "The Mufti tried to establish Muslim rights and the Jews were deliberately antagonised by building works and noise."
• Harman, Graham (2008). "The Mufti and the Wailing Wall". A History of Palestine. Princeton University Press. pp. g.230. ISBN 0691118973. "From 1929 onward, the Supreme Muslim Council intensified construction work on the Haram al-Sharif in order to demonstrate their exclusive claims to the Temple Mount (..) Not without reason, Jewish believers felt disturbed in their prayer."
• Ben Dov, Meir; Naor, Mordechai; Aner, Ze'ev (1983). "VI: The Struggle for the Wall". The Western Wall. Israel: Ministry of Defence Publishing House. pp. g.123–137. ISBN 965-05-0055-3.
• Kayyālī, Abd al-Wahhāb (1978). "The Lull: 1923-1929". Palestine: A Modern History. Routledge. pp. g. 140. ISBN 0856646350.
• Gilbert, Martin (1977). "Jerusalem, Zionism and the Arab Revolt 1920-1940". Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas. London: Board of Deputies of British Jews. pp. g.79. ISBN 0-905648 04 8.
• Ross, Marc Howard (2007). "Digging up the past to contest the present: politics and archeology in Jerusalem’s Old City". Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge University Press. pp. g.179. ISBN 0521870135.
• Gold, Dore (2007). The Fight for Jerusalem. Regnery. pp. 153. ISBN 978-1-59698-029-7.
• Israeli, Raphael (2002). "Introduction: Everyday Life in Divided Jerusalem". Jerusalem Divided: The Armistice Regime, 1947-1967. Jerusalem: Routledge. pp. g.6. ISBN 0714652660.
• Rabin, Yitzchak (May 29, 1995). "Address to the Knesset by Prime Minister Rabin on Jerusalem, 29 May 1995". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1995-1996/Address%20to%20the%20Knesset%20by%20Prime%20Minister%20Rabin%20on.
• Weizman, Eyal (2007). Hollow Land. London: Verso. pp. g.38. ISBN 978-1-84467-125-0.
• Benvenisti, Meron (1998). "Hollowed Ground". City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem. University of California Press. pp. g.82. ISBN 0520207688.
• Ricca, Simone (Summer 2005). "Heritage, Nationalism and the Shifting Symbolism of the Wailing Wall; June 1967: Erasing The Past". Institute of Jerusalem Studies. http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/details.php?cat=4&id=23.
• Radbaz Responsa 691: "Under the dome on the Temple Mount, which the Arabs call El-Sakhrah, without a doubt, is the location of the Foundation Stone."; Ya'ari, Avraham: Igrot Eretz Yisrael by Obadiah ben Abraham, Ramat Gan 1971: "I sought the place of the Foundation Stone where the Ark of the Covenant was placed, and many people told me it is under a tall and beautiful dome which the Arabs built in the Temple precinct."
• Sternbuch, Moishe Teshuvos Ve-hanhagos Vol. 3, Ch. 39: “In truth they have erred, thinking that the stone upon they built their dome was in fact the Foundation Stone, however, most possibly, the Stone is located further to the south in the open space opposite the exposed section of the Western Wall.”
• Frishman, Avraham; Kum Hisalech Be’aretz, Jerusalem 2004
• Lamentations Rabbah 1:32
• Bishop, Patrick (July 4, 2002). "Divine mystery of leaking water at Wailing Wall". Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/07/04/wail04.xml.
• Bishop, Patrick (July 4, 2002). "Western Wall 'leak' prompts speculation". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2093501.stm.
• Kav ha-Yashar Ch. 50
• Zohar Mishpatim 116
• Exodus Rabbah 2:2
• Ya'arot Devash Vol. 1, Ch. 4
• See also Kav ha-Yashar Ch. 93 and Shem Ha-gedolim for a similar account with Rabbi Avraham Ha-levi of Safed.
• Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 35
• Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 18:10. The Kaf hachaim (Orach Chaim 94:1:4 citing Radvaz Vol. 2; Ch. 648) rules that if a Jew was forced onto the Temple Mount and the time of prayer arrived while he’s standing between the Western Wall and the place of the Holy of Holies, "he should pray facing towards the Holy of Holies even though his back will be facing the Western Wall."
• Middot 2:1
• Origin of the 40 Days; 40 Day to a Better Self!
• Henry Laurens, La Question de Palestine, Fayard, Paris, 2002 vol.2 p.157
• "The Western Wall Plaza". Western Wall Heritage Foundation. http://english.thekotel.org/content.asp?back=1&id=48. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.
• Adler N. M. (1927) The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela London; pages 222-223.
• Adler, Elkan Nathan; David, Judah (2004). "The Roads from Jerusalem, by Isaac ben Joseph ibn Chelo (1334)". Jewish Travellers. Routledge. pp. g.131. ISBN 0415344662.
• Deutsch, Nathaniel (2003). "In the Holy Land". The Maiden of Ludmir. University of California Press. pp. g.199. ISBN 0-52023191-0.
• Kaf hachaim Orach Chaim 94
• Gilbert, Martin (1996). "The Second World War, 1939-1945". Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. g.167. ISBN 0-7011-3070 0.
• Gilbert, Martin (1996). "Towards the Twenty-First Century". Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. g.353. ISBN 0-7011-3070 0.
• "Tears, sackcloth and prayers against pullout as 250,000 face Western Wall". Israelinsider. August 11, 2005. http://web.israelinsider.com/Articles/Politics/6258.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
• Marciano, Ilan (August 10, 2005). "70,000 protest pullout at Western Wall". Ynet. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3125587,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
• Ratzlav-Katz, Nissan (July 23, 2007). "100,000 Jews At Western Wall for Tisha B'Av 5767". Arutz Sheva. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/123174. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
• Moed Katan 26a; Orach Chaim 561; Yoreh Deah 340
• Bayit Chadash Orach Chaim 561. (He contends that the city itself is in such a state of disrepair that once a person has reached the hills surrounding Jerusalem, he can immediately view the Western Wall)
• Minchas Shlomo Vol. 1, Ch. 73. See also: Tearing keriah for Jerusalem; Ask the Rabbi: Kosel Keriah
• Epstein, Donneal. Halachos for the Traveler; Feldheim 2000, Pg. 70. ISBN 1583304398
• Sperling, Avraham Yitzchak. Sefer Tamei Ha-minhagim U’mekorei Ha-dinim; Inyanei Hilula D’Rashbi, pg. 270. Shai Le-morah Publishing Jerusalem, 1999.
• "Wailing Wall Jerusalem". Daniella Topor. http://www.directprayers.com/westernwall.php#westernwall. Retrieved on 2008-10-19.
• Starr, Joyce Shira (1995). Faxes and Email to God: At the Western Wall of Jerusalem. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1893652378.
• "Letter Placed by Pope John Paul II at the Western Wall". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel). http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/3/Letter%20Placed%20by%20Pope%20John%20Paul%20II%20at%20the%20Western. Retrieved on 2008-10-07.
• Israel Philatelic Federation. Stamps Catalogue: Series Name: Pope John Paul II
• McGirk, Tim (2008-07-25). "Obama's Private Prayer Leaked". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1826734,00.html
• See Avnei Nezer Yoreh Deah 450
• Yosef, Ovadia (1990). "Laws of Kotel HaMa'aravi". 'Yalkut Yosef'. Jerusalem. Vol. 2; pg.278–282.
• Shragai, Nadav (October 5, 2006). "Western Wall rabbi forbids proposed burning of prayer notes". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/770030.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-16.
• Wein, Berel. Triumph of Survival; Section VIII – The Modern Jew 1958–1988, pg. 451.
• "Obituaries: Yehuda Meir Getz, Western Wall's Rabbi, 71". New York Times. September 25, 1995. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5D7143CF936A1575AC0A963958260&sec=&spon=. Retrieved on 2008-10-07.
• "Rabbi Shmuel Rabinowitz". ALEH. http://www.aleh.org/eng/staff.asp?SID=6. Retrieved on 2008-10-07.
• Ricca, Simone (2007). "Notes to Chapter One". Reinventing Jerusalem. I.B.Tauris. pp. g. 212. ISBN 184511387-X.
• Wasserstein, Bernard (2001). "Annexation". Divided Jerusalem. London: Profile Books. pp. g.233. ISBN 1861973330.
• Nahmias, Roee (February 18, 2007). "Sheikh Salah: Western Wall belongs to Muslims". Ynet. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3366266,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
• Shargai, Nadav (May 14, 2007). "Poll: 96% of Israeli Jews won't give up Western Wall for peace". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/858755.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
• Ettinger, Yair (August 18, 2007). "Satmar rebbe mourns Temple, flaunts power over Zionists". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/894475.html. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
• Miller, Stephen (April 25, 2006). "Rabbi Teitelbaum, Spiritual Leader Of Satmar Chasidim, Dies at 91". New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/article/31549. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
• Shragai, Nadav (July 11, 2006). "Temple Mount - not listed in the Land Registry". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=734702. Retrieved on 2008-06-24.
• Shragai, Nadav, Ha'aretz, January 19, 2001 based on "The Wars over the Holy Places" by Berkowitz, Shmuel
• "Alburaq Revolution". Palestinian National Authority. http://nakba.sis.gov.ps/english/British-mandate/Alburaq%20Revolution.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
• On Jewish rights to the Western Wall in Jerusalem, Voice of Palestine, 12 June 1998.
• "Arab Leaders Deny Jewish History on The Temple Mount". ADL. August 6, 2003. http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/arab/temple_denial.asp. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
• Klein, Aaron (October 20, 2006). "'Western Wall really a post for Muhammad's horse'". World Net Daily. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=52528. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
• "Jews have no legitimate claim to Al-Buraq Wall". Arabic News. April 28, 2001. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/010428/2001042829.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.